The origins of Columbus Day as a holiday have roots in the late 19th century, when leaders of the Italian-American community in San Francisco celebrated October 12th to honor Christopher Columbus as a symbol of their heritage. This was seen as an effort to integrate into American society by emphasizing contributions to the exploration of the Americas. Over the years, the celebration grew more widespread, with President Benjamin Harrison marking the 400th anniversary of Columbus's landing in the New World as "Discovery Day." Economic and social gains by Italian-Americans helped push for greater recognition, culminating in its designation as a national holiday. Celebrations on Columbus Day often include parades, religious ceremonies, and large gatherings which highlight Italian-American culture, featuring Italian food, music, and dance. In cities like New York and San Francisco, large parades attract thousands of participants and spectators, providing an opportunity for unity and pride within the Italian-American community. Schools and organizations also use the holiday to educate on the age of European exploration, discussing the navigational routes of Columbus and his interactions upon reaching the New World. However, the portrayal of Columbus as a heroic explorer has been increasingly contested. Critics argue that celebrating Columbus Day overlooks the adverse impacts of European colonization that followed his arrival - notably, the drastic demographic and cultural losses suffered by Indigenous peoples of the Americas through disease, warfare, enslavement, and displacement. Indigenous peoples and their allies have advocated for recognizing the deep scars left by colonial histories, prompting several cities and states to rethink how the day is commemorated. In response to this controversy, Indigenous Peoples' Day has emerged as an alternative celebration that honors the history and culture of Native American peoples and recognizes their contributions to history. States like Alaska, Hawai'i, Oregon, and South Dakota, and cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle, have officially adopted Indigenous Peoples' Day as a replacement for or in addition to Columbus Day. This shift not only highlights the need for healing and acknowledgment of historical injustices but also celebrates the resilience and richness of Native American cultures.
The discussion surrounding Columbus Day reflects broader conversations within the United States about identity, history, and commemoration. It asks Americans to critically examine whose stories are celebrated and at whose expense. The contrasting views on Columbus Day also demonstrate how history can be viewed through various lenses, influenced by different cultural, ethnic, and political factors. As society looks forward, Columbus Day may continue to evolve. There might be an increased emphasis on presenting a balanced historical perspective that recognizes both the achievements and the destructive consequences of the so-called Age of Discovery. Whether it transforms into a day of reflection, remembrance, dialogue, or celebration of indigenous cultures, the debate itself signifies a move towards deeper understanding and reconciliation. Engaging in open discussions, educating on the various aspects of history, and embracing a more inclusive approach are potential pathways that could redefine and enrich the observance of this contentious day, turning it into an opportunity for all Americans to learn from the past and build a more equitable future.